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Evolution Korea The economic crisis that hit Asia required a major review of the old model of government-business alliances and public management of private risks. In Korea, that meant an evolution of the development model. In a controversial move, the South Korean government has asked textbooks publishers to ignore calls for the removal of examples of evolution in science texts for high school students. This includes the evidence for the evolution of horses and the avian an ancestor Archaeopteryx. 1. Evolution and Religion A South Korean creationist group has persuaded textbook publishers to eliminate evidence of evolution from high-school science texts. The Society for Textbook Revise, an offshoot of the Korea Association for Creation Research that wants to rid biology textbooks of “atheist materialism,” was behind the decision. The STR claims such materialism portrays an image of negativity for students, causing them to lose faith. Scientists from all over the world expressed concern when the STR campaign was featured in the news. Jae Choe, evolutionary biologist at Ewha Womans University, Seoul and wrote a letter to Nature's editor that South Korea had succumbed to religious prejudice. He was supported by colleagues from across the country, who set up a group called Evolution Korea to organize a petition against the textbook changes. Some scientists are worried that the STR could be spread to other regions of the globe, where creationism is increasing. The letter to Nature warned that the anti-evolution movement could push for textbook revisions in other countries, notably those with strong Christian and Muslim populations. South Korea's culture is particularly strong for the evolution debate. 26 percent of South Koreans are part of a religious community, with the majority practicing Christianity or Buddhism. In addition, many Koreans adhere to the Ch'ondogyo philosophy, which is based on Confucian principles that emphasizes social harmony and individual self-cultivation. Ch'ondogyo teaches that the human being is one with Hanulnim, the God of Sun and that heavenly blessings are achievable through the good works of one's. All of this has created an ideal environment for the spread of creationism. 에볼루션코리아 have revealed that students who have religious backgrounds to be more uncomfortable learning about evolution as compared to those who do not. However, the root reasons for this phenomenon are unclear. One explanation is that students with religious beliefs tend to be as well-versed in scientific concepts and theories which makes them more vulnerable to the influence of creationists. Another possible factor is that students with a religious background are more likely to see evolution as an atheistic idea which could make them less at ease with it. 2. Evolution and Science In recent times, scientists have been concerned about anti-evolution efforts in schools. A study conducted in 2009 found that over 40% of Americans believe that biological evolution is wrong and that believing in it would be contrary to their faith-based beliefs. Many scientists believe that despite the fact that creationism has been successful the best method to stop this movement is to educate the public on the evidence for evolution. Scientists are required to teach their students about science, including the theory of evolution. They must also inform the general public about the science process and how knowledge is gathered and verified. They must also explain that scientific theories are frequently challenged and reformulated. However, misconceptions about the nature and purpose of research can lead to anti-evolution beliefs. Some people interpret the term “theory” as a hunch or a guess. In science, however, a theory is thoroughly tested and verified using empirical data. A theory that is tested and observed repeatedly becomes a scientific principal. The debate over the evolutionary theory provides a great occasion to discuss the importance of the scientific method and its limitations. It is crucial to be aware that science does not answer questions about life's purpose or meaning, but offers a way for living things to grow and adapt. A well-rounded education should include exposure to all the major scientific fields including evolutionary biology. This is crucial because a lot of jobs and choices require people know the way science operates. The vast majority of scientists around the world agree that humans have evolved through time. A recent study predicting adults' views of the consensus on this subject found that those with higher education levels and science knowledge were more likely to believe there is a consensus among scientists on the subject of human evolution. The people with more religious beliefs and less science knowledge are more likely to disagree. It is crucial that teachers insist on the importance of understanding the consensus on this issue to ensure that individuals have a solid basis for making informed choices about their health care, energy use and other policy issues. 3. Evolution and Culture A close cousin to mainstream evolutionary theory, cultural evolution studies the numerous ways that humans and other species learn from and with each other. Researchers in this area use explanation tools and models adapted from evolutionary theorists and reach back to human prehistory to find the earliest sources of culture. This method also acknowledges the distinction between traits that are cultural and biological. While biological traits are typically inherited all at once (in sexual species, after fertilization), cultural traits can be acquired over a lengthy period of time. In the end, the acquisition of one trait can influence the development of another. In Korea, for example the emergence of Western fashion elements in the late 19th century and the early 20th centuries was the result of a complex series of events. One of the most important was the appearance in Korea of Japanese occupation forces, who introduced Western hairstyles and clothes. When Japan left Korea in the 1930s, a few of these trends began to reverse. At the end of World War II, Korea was once more united and again under the Choson dynasty rule. Today, Korea is a vibrant political and economic power. Despite the financial crisis of recent Korea's economy has been growing at a steady pace over the past decade. It is anticipated to continue to grow in the near future. The current administration is faced with many challenges. One of the most serious is its inability to find an effective strategy to address the economic crisis. The crisis has exposed the shortcomings in the policies of the country and its reliance on exports and foreign investment, which may not last. The crisis has shaken confidence of investors. This means that the government needs to reconsider its strategy and come up with other ways to boost the domestic demand. It also needs to overhaul the incentive, monitoring, and disciplining systems currently in place to ensure an environment that is stable for the financial sector. This chapter provides a variety of scenarios of how the Korean economy could grow in the post-crisis era. 4. Evolution and Education The challenge for evolution educators is to teach evolutionary concepts that are appropriate for different levels of development and ages. For instance, teachers need to be sensitive to the religious diversity of their classrooms and create an environment that students who have religious and secular beliefs feel comfortable learning evolution. Teachers should also be able to identify common misconceptions regarding evolution and be able to address them in the classroom. Teachers must also have easy access to the numerous resources that can be used to teach evolution. In this context the Thinking Evolutionarily Convocation was a crucial step in bringing together evolutionary scientists and educators from a variety of fields to discuss most effective methods of teaching about evolution. Participants included representatives from scientific societies and educational research organizations, as well as officials from government funding agencies and curriculum developers. The convergence of various participants helped to identify the common recommendations which will serve as the basis for any future actions. One important recommendation is that the study of evolution should be incorporated in every science curriculum at every level. To achieve this it is recommended that the National Science Education Standards (NRC) call for evolution to be taught in a seamless manner across all life sciences using a sequence of ideas that are developmentally appropriate. A new publication from the NRC provides guidance for schools on how to integrate evolution into the life science curriculum. A number of studies have demonstrated that a more comprehensive teaching of evolution is associated with greater student knowledge and belief in the existence of evolution. It is difficult to determine the causal effects of evolution in the classroom since the curriculum for schools do not change in a random manner and are influenced by the timing of state board of education and the gubernatorial election. To overcome this problem, I use an ongoing data set that lets me control for year and state fixed effects and the individual-level variation in teacher beliefs about changes in the curriculum. Another significant finding is that teachers who are more comfortable with teaching evolution report having less personal barriers to doing so. This is consistent with the idea that a more confident faculty is less likely to avoid tackling evolution topics in the classroom and might be more likely use strategies such as a reconciliatory approach known to improve the acceptance of undergraduate students of evolution (Harms and Reiss 2019; Tolman et al., 2020).